Paper Title

DRUG REPURPOSING: A STUDY OF DRUG TARGET INDICATION (DTI) RELATIONSHIP WITH MACHINE LEARNING

Abstract

Today We have huge amount of data in the field of biological field, and we have also well-formed multiple machine learning algorithms, by this we can speed up the drug development process. This process may increase, or speed up, drug discovery and drug development process. It gives d help in planning to preclinical phase and also better understanding about drug target indication ane can take help in future. This automation of the drug production process may be the vital to solving the recent concern of low profitability rate in pharmaceutical companies. In this study, our main aim to find new interaction for existing drugs in order to minimize the expense and time of drug development. There are three ways to deal with look at drug repurposing: disease driven method, target driven method, and drug driven method. Disease driven method recognize comfortable associations between an old and another sign. A target driven philosophy interfaces a known objective and towards its set up drug to another sign and last drug driven methodology interfaces a known drug to another target and its related sign.
KEYWORDS : Drug discovery, Drug repurposing, Machine learning algorithm, Drug Target Indication

Paper Title

ANALYSIS OF ANTI-CANCER ACTIVITY AND BIOCHEMICAL ACTIVITY OF COMMON SPICES

Abstract

The anti-cancer activity and biochemical effects of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of twelve common kitchen spices were analyzed using the K562 chronic myeloid leukemia cell line. The spices tested included black pepper, clove, cardamom, cinnamon, fenugreek, star anise, moringa, nutmeg, coriander, mustard, cumin, and carom. The results indicated that ethanolic extracts demonstrated significant anti-leukemic activity compared to that of aqueous extracts. Proteomic analysis revealed significant alterations in protein levels following treatment, highlighting the biochemical impact of these spice extracts.
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Paper Title

ANALYTICAL METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION FOR THE DETERMINATION OF PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION IN COMBINED DOSAGE FORM (SULFAMETHOXAZOLE AND TRIMETHOPRIM ORAL SUSPENSION USP)

Abstract

Employing the Malvern Mastersizer 3000, a quick and robust particle size distribution method was developed and validated for determining the particle size of Sulfamethoxazole/Trimethoprim USP 200 mg/40 mg per 5 ml oral suspension. Particle size is a significant quality criterion for pharmaceutical products that are either solid dosage forms or liquids containing undissolved medicinal substances. In solid or suspension medicinal formulations, particle size can have a substantial effect on dissolving rates, bioavailability, and stability. This approach has produced good, reproducible results. Water is used as a dispersant to produce the wet technique. Validation was performed in accordance with the International Conference on Harmonisation requirements (Q2 (R1)) and found to be robust and reproducible, with % RSD values of d (0.1), d (0.9), and d (0.5) falling within acceptable limits. The described approach has been precisely developed, validated, and effectively implemented to determine the particle size distribution of. The particle size approach is presented in full to ensure a thorough understanding of particle size distribution, and it can be used to determine Sulfamethoxazole/Trimethoprim USP 200 mg/40 mg per 5 ml oral suspension particle size. The approach has been validated for precision, intermediate precision, and robustness.
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Paper Title

OVERWIEV STUDY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY

Abstract

The present work aims at contributing to the documentation of the nutritional composition of wild mushrooms. Fatty acid and sugar profiles of 10 different Portuguese wild mushrooms were obtained by gas chromatography coupled to a flame ionization detector (GC/FID) and high performance liquid chromatography coupled to a refraction index detector (HPLC/RID), respectively, the latter methodology being then completely validated. The macronutrient profile in general revealed that the wild mushrooms were rich sources of protein(24.32–76.63 g/100 g) and carbohydrates (10.35–55.48 g/100 g), and had low amounts of fat (0.36–2.63 g/100 g). The highest energetic contribution was guaranteed by Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca. The analysis of fattyacid composition allowed the quantification of 25 fatty acids. Unsaturated fatty acids and, in particular, oleicand linoleic acids, were predominant (17–61% and 20–54%, respectively). In the analysis of free sugars, all the compounds were separated in a period of time of 10 min; the method used proved to be sensitive, reproducibleand accurate. Arabinose (1.53–7.66 g/100 g), mannitol (0.38–18.41 g/100 g) and trehalose (0.21–18.66 g/100 g) were the most abundant sugars Abstract Over the past years, ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) as a well established method within the fields of military and security has gained more and more interest for biological and medical applications. This highly sensitive and rapid separation technique was crucially enhanced by a multi-capillary column (MCC), pre-separation for complex samples. In order to unambiguously identify compounds in a complex sample, like breath, by IMS, a reference database is mandatory. To obtain a first set of reference data, 16 selected volatile organic substances were examined by MCCIMS and comparatively analyzed by the standard technique for breath research, thermal desorption–gas chromatography– mass spectrometry. Experimentally determined MCC and GC retention times of these 16 compounds were aligned and their relation was expressed in a mathematical function.
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Paper Title

A REVIEW OF STERILITY TESTING IN PHARMACEUTICALS AND BIOTECHNOLOGY

Abstract

Sterility testing is a critical quality control procedure used to ensure that pharmaceutical products, medical devices, and biological preparations are free from viable contaminating microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, and yeast. The test is particularly important for products that are required to be sterile, including injectable medications, intravenous fluids, ophthalmic preparations, and implantable devices. The main objective of sterility testing is to confirm the absence of microbial contamination in the final product, which could lead to serious infections or adverse reactions in patients. The testing process is typically performed using two main methods: membrane filtration and direct inoculation. In membrane filtration, the product is passed through a sterile filter that traps any microorganisms, which are then incubated in a growth medium. In direct inoculation, the product itself is introduced directly into a growth medium and monitored for microbial growth over a specified period, usually 14 days. Both methods require stringent aseptic techniques, appropriate environmental conditions, and validated procedures to prevent false positives or negatives. Advances in rapid microbiological methods are being explored to reduce the time required for sterility testing, which traditionally takes weeks. However, conventional methods remain the gold standard in many regulatory environments. Ensuring the accuracy of sterility testing is essential for patient safety and regulatory compliance in pharmaceutical manufacturing.
KEYWORDS : Aseptic technique, Sterilization, Contamination prevention, Microbial control, Germ free environment

Paper Title

A REVIEW OF DISSOLUTION TESTING IN PHARMACEUTICALS AND BIOTECHNOLOGY

Abstract

Dissolution testing is an indispensable analytical technique in the pharmaceutical industry, serving as a critical measure of the release profiles of solid dosage forms, such as tablets and capsules, and their consequent bioavailability. Recognized for its significant impact on drug absorption and clinical effectiveness, the importance of dissolution analysis has led to its widespread use in drug product development, manufacturing, and regulatory assessments. This chapter provides a comprehensive review of dissolution testing, highlighting its evolution, methodologies, applications, and challenges. The chapter explores various dissolution apparatus defined by the USP, focusing on the most common methods: USP Apparatus 1 (Basket Method) and USP Apparatus 2 (Paddle Method). Each apparatus is examined in detail, covering its design, operational principles, and specific applications tailored to different pharmaceutical formulations. For instance, the Basket Method is ideal for solid dosage forms that float or disintegrate slowly, while the Paddle Method is more versatile and widely used for immediate-release tablets. Key variables influencing dissolution testing, such as agitation speed, temperature, pH of the dissolution medium, sample volume, and sink conditions, are critically examined. Understanding these variables is essential for ensuring accurate, reliable, and reproducible results in dissolution studies. Finally, the chapter introduces the Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS), which categorizes drugs based on their solubility and permeability characteristics. This system plays a significant role in dissolution testing, particularly for BCS Class II (low solubility, high permeability) and Class III (high solubility, low permeability) drugs, where dissolution testing becomes vital for assessing formulation adjustments and predicting in vivo performance. In conclusion, this chapter provides a detailed overview of dissolution testing, its historical significance, methodological advancements, and regulatory considerations, emphasizing its crucial role in ensuring drug quality and improving bioavailability predictions. The ongoing challenges in simulating in vivo conditions for dissolution testing highlight the need for continued research and innovation in this essential area of pharmaceutical science.
KEYWORDS : Dissolution testing , Pharmaceutical dosage forms, Biopharmaceutical classification system (BCS), USP Apparatus, Bioavailability

Paper Title

HYDROGEL BASED CONTROLLED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM FOR CANCER TREATMENT

Abstract

Hydrogels have gained significant attention in various medical applications, including wound care, burn treatment, dressings, contact lenses, and tissue engineering. Recently, their potential in localized cancer therapy has also been investigated extensively. This chapter focuses on the use of injectable hydrogel systems specifically designed for direct application at tumor sites. We begin by outlining the fundamental properties of hydrogels and categorizing them based on their triggering mechanisms. These classifications include pH-sensitive, temperature-responsive, magnetically responsive, light-activated, and ultrasound-responsive hydrogels. Each category is examined in detail to understand its unique characteristics and applications. Furthermore, we delve into the design principles and operational mechanisms of various stimulus-responsive hydrogels, highlighting notable research examples. By exploring these innovative hydrogel systems, we aim to shed light on their promising role in enhancing localized cancer treatment.
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Paper Title

OVERVIEW ON COLUMN CHROMATOGRAPHY

Abstract

Chromatography is a method used for separating organic and inorganic compounds. The word chromatography means \"color writing\". Chromatography is based on differential migration. The mobile phase moves through the stationary phase(column) picking up the compounds to be tested. As the mobile phase continues to travel through the stationary phase it takes the compounds with it. The classical preparative chromatography column, is a glass tube with a diameter from 5 mm to 50 mm and a height of 5 cm to 1 m. Thus, 25 g of adsorbent is required to provide a better separation in a 1 cm diameter column than in a 2 cm diameter column. As the technique column chromatography is more productive in qualitative and quantitative aspects scientists thought to improve its application in many fields. They worked on the technique to reduce the disadvantages by changing the column size, particle size of the stationary phase, changing the composition of the mobile phases etc. In the advancements of their works they developed the techniques like Flash chromatography, High Performance Liquid Chromatography, Gas Chromatography, Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography and Ultra Performance Convergence Chromatography (Super Critical chromatography). The aim of the article is to specify the changes that the scientists have made in each and every step to improve the technique (column chromatography). Now over 60% of chemical analysis worldwide is currently done with chromatography.
KEYWORDS : column chromatography, methodologies, Stationary Phase

Paper Title

A REVIEW OF siRNA THERAPEUTICS FOR THE THERAPY OF COVID 19 AND OTHER CORONAVIRUS

Abstract

The enduring epidemic outbreak which started in Wuhan city of China, in December 2019 caused by the 2019 novel corona-virus (COVID- 19) or the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has created a dangerous and dead-ly Public Health disaster of International apprehension, with cases confirmed in several countries. This novel community health trouble is frightening the universe with clinical, psycho-logical, emotional, collapse of health system and economical slowdown in each and every part of the world infecting nearly200 countries. A highly virulent and pathogenic COVID-19 viral infection with incubation period ranging from two to four teen days, transmitted by breathing of infected droplets or contact with infected droplets, belongs to the genus Coronavirus with its high mutation rate in the Corona viridae. The likely probable primary reservoir could be bats, because genomic analysis discovered thatSARSCoV-2 is phylogenetically interrelated to SARS-like bat viruses. The transitional resource of origin and transfer to human sis not known, however, the rapidly developing pandemic has con-firmed human to human transfer. Approximately 1,016,128reported cases, 211,615 recovered cases and 53,069 deaths ofCOVID-2019 have been reported to date (April 2, 2020). The symptoms vary from asymptomatic, low grade pyrexia, dry cough, sore throat, breathlessness, tiredness, body aches, fatigue, myalgia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, to severe consolidation and pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and multiple organ dysfunction leading to death with case fatality rate ranging from 2 to 3%. The most common diagnostic methods are molecular methods as RT-PCR (reverse transcription) or real-time PCR, which are prepared by means of RNA from respiratory samples such as oropharyngeal swabs, sputum, nasopharynx gealaspirate, deep tracheal aspirate, or bronchoalveolar lavage. Treatment is essentially supportive; as there is no documented clinically established and accepted antiviral remedy or vaccine existing, but some wide-ranging antiviral, anti-malarial and anti-parasitic drugs have been evaluated to be used in COVID-19.Prevention includes home segregation and quarantine of suspect-ed cases or those with mild illnesses and string ent infection con-trol measures should be taken at hospitals to contain contact and droplet infections. International health authorities are focusing on rapid diagnosis of cases, tracing of contacts, isolation of patients and searching for antiviral therapies to counter the deadliestCOVID-19 diseases.
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Paper Title

A REVIEW OF MASS SPECTROMETRY: NEW TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES FOR ANALYSIS

Abstract

Mass spectrometry is one of the best techniques for studing the structure of a molecule. It is the usually provides information about molecular weight of a substance, and it can present atomic mass units and up to ten thousandths of atomic mass units depending on the accuracy of the mass analyzer. In addition, it provides information on the positive ions formed in the ionization process, which is linked to the chemical structure of the molecule and the nature of the bonds. This technique is widely used for analyzing compounds from natural products. The development of the technique combined with the use of software and databases has been remarkable in recent years, improving the ionization processes and the ion analysis. Since natural products generally constitute a mixture of a complex quantity of components, mechanisms have been developed for coupling to chromatographic techniques of various kinds. It is also an analytical technique that identifies the chemical composition of a compound or sample based on the mass-to-charge ratio of charged particles A mass spectrometer has three essential modules, an ion source-which transforms the molecules in a sample into ionized fragments, a mass analyser-which sorts the ions by their masses by applying electro- magnetic field and a detector-which measures the value of some indicator quantity and thus provides data for calculating the abundances each ion fragment present The technique has both qualitative and quantitative uses.
KEYWORDS : Ionization, Molecular Weight, Mass Analyzer, Mass-to-Charge Ratio (m/z), Natural Products, techniques

Paper Title

STUDY OF INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY METHOD AND APPLICATION

Abstract

Spectroscopy is the chief experimental technique of atomic and molecular physics and involves determining the energy states of atoms or molecules by looking at the light absorbed or emitted when they change states. Measuring the frequency of light absorbed or emitted which is determined by the energy difference between the two states, can provide a sensitive probe of interactions which perturb those energy states. Based on the principle and the range of electromagnetic radiation spectroscopy is classified into several types. Among those in this review we revealed that the principle, instrumentation and applications of Near Infrared spectroscopy. Authenticity and adulteration detection are primary concerns of various stakeholders, such as researchers, consumers, manufacturers, traders, and regulatory agencies. Traditional approaches for authenticity and adulteration detection in edible oils are time-consuming, complicated, laborious, and expensive; they require technical skills when interpreting the data. Over the last several years, much effort has been spent in academia and industry on developing vibrational spectroscopic techniques for quality, authenticity, and adulteration detection in edible oils. Among them, Fourier transforms infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy has gained enormous attention as a green analytical technique for the rapid monitoring quality of edible oils at all stages of production and for detecting and quantifying adulteration and authenticity in edible oils.
KEYWORDS : Infrared Spectroscopy (IR),Molecular Vibrations, Functional Groups, Pharmaceutical Applications, Sample Preparation Techniques, Instrumentation

Paper Title

ADVANCEMENT IN UV SPECTROSCOPY METHOD: TECHNIQUES AND APPLICATION

Abstract

Ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy is a pivotal analytical technique utilized across various scientific disciplines for the qualitative and quantitative assessment of substances. This review paper presents a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in UV spectroscopy techniques that significantly enhance the capability, sensitivity, and accuracy of this method. We begin by discussing innovations in instrumentation, including the development of advanced detectors such as charge-coupled devices (CCDs) and photodiodes, which improve signal-to-noise ratios and allow for the detection of low-concentration analytes. The advent of miniaturized spectrometers and portable UV devices has broadened the scope of UV spectroscopy, enabling real-time and in-field analyses that were previously unattainable. Furthermore, we delve into the integration of chemometric techniques, which leverage sophisticated data analysis algorithms to extract meaningful information from complex spectra. These methods enhance the interpretation of overlapping signals and improve the accuracy of quantitative measurements. The role of nanomaterials in enhancing UV absorption and scattering properties is also examined. Nanoparticles, such as gold and silver colloids, have been shown to significantly amplify the UV response of analytes, leading to enhanced sensitivity and lower detection limits. Additionally, advancements in microfluidic technology facilitate rapid and efficient sample processing, allowing for high-throughput screening in various applications. We also explore the application of UV spectroscopy in diverse fields, including pharmaceuticals, environmental monitoring, and food safety, highlighting case studies that demonstrate the technique\'s versatility and effectiveness. In conclusion, this review underscores the transformative developments in UV spectroscopy and their implications for future research. We discuss emerging challenges, such as the need for standardized methods and the integration of UV spectroscopy with complementary techniques. By fostering a deeper understanding of these advancements, we aim to inspire continued innovation and application of UV spectroscopy in addressing complex scientific questions.
KEYWORDS : spectroscopy, uv spectroscopy, beers and lambert law, sources methods, application

Paper Title

A REVIEW OF ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY AND METHOD

Abstract

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) is a crucial technique used to measure the amount of elements, especially metals, in different types of samples. It works by detecting how much light atoms absorb at specific wavelengths when they are in a gaseous state, which tells us how much of an element is present. Introduced in 1955 by Alan Walsh, AAS has become highly sensitive and accurate, especially with the use of flame atomization and graphite furnace techniques to detect even small amounts of elements. AAS is widely used in fields like environmental science, industry, and healthcare due to its reliability. However, it faces some challenges, such as interference from other chemicals or ionized atoms that can affect accuracy. Fortunately, recent advancements, like high-resolution equipment and better background correction techniques, have greatly improved its precision. These innovations have also made it possible to analyze complex samples more efficiently, allowing AAS to detect multiple elements at once. This makes it a highly valuable tool for analyzing and understanding the composition of different materials. Introduction Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) is a widely used analytical technique for detecting and measuring the concentration of elements, particularly metals, in a variety of samples. Developed by Alan Walsh in 1955, it has become a key tool in fields such as environmental science, medicine, and industrial quality control. AAS works on the principle that free atoms in a gaseous state can absorb light at a specific wavelength. When a sample containing the element of interest is vaporized, these atoms absorb light from a source, typically a hollow cathode lamp. The amount of light absorbed is proportional to the concentration of the element in the sample. AAS is valued for its high sensitivity and accuracy, capable of detecting trace amounts of elements. The technique is versatile, able to measure both metallic and non-metallic elements, and can be adapted to different atomization methods like flame atomization, electrothermal (graphite furnace) atomization, and hydride generation. These methods allow for flexibility in analyzing a wide range of sample types, from liquids to solids. The fundamental principle behind AAS is the Beer-Lambert law, which states that the amount of light absorbed by a substance is directly related to the concentration of that substance and the distance the light travels through it. This principle enables precise quantification of trace elements, making AAS a powerful tool for elemental analysis. Recent advancements in AAS include improved sensitivity through high-resolution continuum source AAS and enhanced accuracy with background correction techniques like the Zeeman effect and deuterium lamp methods, which reduce interference from nonatomic species in the sample. These improvements have made AAS more efficient and reliable, especially for detecting multiple elements simultaneously in complex samples
KEYWORDS : Absorption, Spectroscopy, Hollow Cathode Lamp, Flame Atomization

Paper Title

A REVIEW OF POTASSIUM CHANNELS: THE POTENTIAL OF POTASSIUM CHANNELS AS A TREATMENT FOR EPILEPTIC DISEASES

Abstract

Potassium channels play a critical role in maintaining the electrical excitability of neurons by controlling the flow of potassium ions across the cell membrane, thereby regulating membrane potential and neuronal firing. Dysregulation of potassium channel function has been implicated in the pathophysiology of epilepsy, a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures due to abnormal electrical activity in the brain. Emerging research highlights the therapeutic potential of modulating potassium channels to restore normal neuronal activity and prevent seizure generation. Various subtypes of potassium channels, such as voltage-gated (Kv), calcium-activated (Kca), and inwardly rectifying (Kir) channels, have been identified as key players in neuronal excitability. Pharmacological agents targeting these channels could offer new avenues for treating epilepsy, particularly in drugresistant cases. This review explores the role of potassium channels in epilepsy, Potassium channels are essential regulators of neuronal excitability, influencing action potential repolarization and neurotransmitter release by modulating potassium ion flux across the membrane. Their dysfunction has been associated with various neurological disorders, particularly epilepsy, where abnormal electrical discharges result in recurrent seizures. Recent advances in neurobiology have emphasized the role of specific potassium channel subtypes, including voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channels, calcium-activated potassium (KCa) channels, and inwardly rectifying potassium (Kir) channels, in controlling seizure susceptibility. Mutations in genes encoding these channels, such as KCNQ2 and KCNT1, have been linked to rare genetic epilepsies, reinforcing the importance of potassium channels in epilepsy pathogenesis.
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Paper Title

A REVIEW OF CONTROL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM: CURRENT STATUS

Abstract

The abstract presents an overview of advancements in drug delivery systems, focusing on the evolution from conventional methods (like tablets, capsules, and syrups) to more sophisticated controlled delivery approaches. It emphasizes the limitations of traditional drug delivery, including poor bioavailability, inconsistent drug levels in the body, and the inability to sustain therapeutic effects. These shortcomings can make treatments less effective and potentially unsafe. To address these issues, controlled drug delivery systems (CDDS) have been developed, which allow for precise and sustained release of medication at targeted sites. Over the past two decades, these systems have evolved significantly, incorporating innovations at both the macro and nano scales, and now include intelligent systems that can respond to stimuli for targeted drug delivery. The review covers the fundamental aspects of drug delivery, exploring the pharmacokinetics involved, limitations of conventional methods, and the design and classification of CDDS. It also delves into cutting-edge topics such as nano-drug delivery, targeted therapy, and the use of smart biomaterials, concluding with a discussion of current challenges and future research directions in the field.
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Paper Title

A REVIEW OF STUDY OF ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS

Abstract

Various fungal species cause a wide range of diseases, necessitating the use of antifungal agents. This paper discusses different classes of antifungal drugs, including polyenes, azoles, allylamines, and echinocandins, and their effectiveness in treating fungal infections. The older agents, such as topical azoles and first-generation triazoles (fluconazole and itraconazole), are commonly used for superficial and invasive fungal infections. Newer agents, such as echinocandins (e.g., caspofungin) and second-generation triazoles (e.g., voriconazole, posaconazole), exhibit broad-spectrum activity. Voriconazole and posaconazole are effective against both yeasts and molds, with posaconazole being the only azole with activity against Zygomycete fungi. Caspofungin is particularly effective against Candida and Aspergillus infections. Though azoles are relatively safe, they can cause adverse effects such as visual disturbances (voriconazole), liver enzyme elevation, and skin rashes, whereas caspofungin has minimal side effects. Combination antifungal therapy may be used in specific cases of invasive fungal infections. The need for novel antifungal agents remains pressing due to changing clinical demands.
KEYWORDS : Antifungal agents, antifungal medicament, antifungal treatment, topical antifungal, fungicidal.

Paper Title

STUDY ON NIOSOMES AND ITS METHODS AND APPLICATION

Abstract

Niosomes are novel, non-ionic surfactant-based vesicular structures that have garnered enormous interest within the subject of drug shipping due to their precise properties and advantages over conventional liposomes. Composed of non-ionic surfactants and cholesterol, niosomes offer better balance, controlled release, and progressed bioavailability of healing agents. This abstract gives an outline of the method, characterization, and applications of niosomes in various biomedical fields. We discuss their position in ncapsulating hydrophilic and hydrophobic pills, capacity for concentrated on specific tissues, and packages in vaccine transport, cancer therapy, and gene remedy. Furthermore, the blessings of the use of niosomes in reducing toxicity and improving the efficacy of medication are highlighted. The methods of niosome preparation, the vesicle stability related aspects and many examples about pharmaceutical applications of NSVs will be presented. The routes of administration of these amphiphilic assemblies are also discussed.
KEYWORDS : Niosomes, cholesterol ,lipophilic, bioavaibility

Paper Title

A REVIEW OF DIABETES MELLITUS: INSIGHTS FROM RECENT RESEARCH

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus is also called as simply diabetes, is a group of metabolic disorder in which there are increase blood sugar levels over a prolonged period. This increase blood sugar produces the symptoms of frequent urination, increased thirst, and increased hunger. Untreated, diabetes may cause many complications. Acute complications include diabetic ketoacidosis and nonketotic hyperosmolar coma. There are 3 main types of diabetes mellitus: Type 1 DM results from the body\'s failure to produce enough insulin. This form was previously referred to as \"insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus\" (IDDM). The cause is unknown Type 2 DM begins with insulin resistance, a condition in which cells fail to respond to insulin properly. As the disease progresses a lack of insulin may also develop. This form was previously referred to as \"non insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus\" (NIDDM) or \"adult-onset diabetes\". The primary cause is excessive body weight and not enough exercise. Clinical features similar to diabetes mellitus described 3000 years ago by ancient Egyptians. The term diabetes was first coined by Araetus of cappodocia. Later word mellitus was added by Thomas Willis in 1675 from patients urine. It was only in 1776 that Dobson firstly found presence of excess sugar in urine. The role of pancreas in insulin isolation and clinical use by Banting and Best in 1921. Then the first oral hypoglycemic agents tolbutamide and carbutamide are discovered in 1955.
KEYWORDS : Diabetes mellitus, causes, side effects, diagnosis and treatment.

Paper Title

A REVIEW ON OVERALL STUDY OF NANOPARTICLE AS DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM

Abstract

There’s a growing interest in using nanoparticles for drug delivery systems. These tiny materials have special properties, like their very small size, large surface area, and ability to be easily modified. These features help improve how drugs behave in the body, making it possible to deliver medications more effectively. Nanoparticles can help target cancer treatments specifically to tumors making them more efficient. They can also help with early detection of cancer through non-invasive imaging techniques. By using these nanostructured materials, we can protect drugs while they travel in the bloodstream, ensure they only reach the intended site, and release them in a controlled manner. This not only reduces unwanted side effects but also allows for a more effective use of the drugs, overcoming some of the limitations of traditional treatments. This review focuses on the key features of nanoparticles used for targeted drug delivery. It covers how these nanoparticles can deliver drugs not just to specific cells but also to particular organelles within those cells. Additionally, it discusses some of the well Known ways nanoparticles behave in the body (their pharmacokinetics) and the common modifications made to enhance their effectiveness in delivering therapies. Recently, nanoparticles have emerged as a valuable method for improving how drugs work in the body. These tiny particles help protect drugs as they travel through the bloodstream, ensure that the drugs reach specific areas, and release them in a controlled way at the target site. Research in drug delivery is increasingly shifting from using larger particles to focusing on these much smaller, nanosized systems.
KEYWORDS : Drug targeting drug, Delivery, Nanotechnology, Nanodelivery, Particulate system, Nanomaterials, Drug delivery.

Paper Title

A REVIEW ON BONE MARROW FAILURE SYNDROME – HISTORY, SYMPTOMS, DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT

Abstract

Bone marrow failure syndrome (BMFS) encompasses a diverse group of disorders characterized by the inadequate production of blood cells due to impaired function of the bone marrow. These syndromes can manifest in various forms, including aplastic anaemia, myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), leukaemia’s, and inherited conditions such as Fanconi anaemia and Diamond-Black fan anaemia. The clinical presentation often includes symptoms of anaemia, increased susceptibility to infections, and a tendency to bleed, leading to significant morbidity and impact on quality of life. Diagnosis typically involves blood tests, bone marrow biopsy, and genetic evaluation, while treatment strategies vary depending on the underlying cause and severity. Management may include supportive care, immunosuppressive therapy, chemotherapy, and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Understanding the complexities of BMFS is essential for effective diagnosis and treatment and ongoing research is critical to improving outcomes for affected individuals. This abstract highlight the importance of awareness and innovation in the management of bone marrow failure syndromes.
KEYWORDS : Bone marrow syndrome, Aplastic Anemia, Diagnosis, treatment.

Paper Title

REVIEW ON: ATORVASTATIN AND ITS MARKETED PRODUCT

Abstract

The development of pharmaceutical drugs in dosage form faces a major challenge due to poor bioavailability. Atorvastatin (AST) is one such drug that faces poor bioavailability because of its poor solubility. The objective of this article is to review the literature published in selected search engines about the enhancement of solubility and bioavailability of AST. The literature search was conducted in four databases: ScienceDirect, PubMed, Google Scholar, and BASE engine. Seventy-one articles related to atorvastatin formulations were selected, and 26 articles related to bioavailability enhancement were discussed. Additionally, various methods for the estimation of AST alone and in formulations were compiled. The results of the research indicate that bioavailability could be improved by several methods, including solid-dispersion co-crystallization, microspheres, solid lipid nanoparticles, co-solvency, nanosuspension, and self-nano emulsifying drug delivery system (SNEEDS). Moreover, simple UV and HPLC methods could be used for the estimation of AST alone.[1].
KEYWORDS : atorvastatin, hyperlipidaemia, hyper cholesterol

Paper Title

A REVIEW ON THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY: PRINCIPLES, APPLICATIONS AND ADVANCES

Abstract

Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) is a versatile analytical technique that has been widely used for separation, identification, and quantification of compounds in various fields. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the principles, applications and advances including its use in pharmaceutical, food, environmental, and biomedical analysis. Recent advances in TLC, including High-Performance TLC (HPTLC) and TLC-Mass Spectrometry (TLC-MS), are discussed. The challenges and limitations of TLC, including resolution and sensitivity, are highlighted, and potential solutions are proposed. The review concludes that TLC is a powerful analytical technique with a wide range of applications. Its advantages, including simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and versatility, make it an attractive option for various analytical tasks. The recent advances in TLC, including HPTLC and TLC-MS, have enhanced its potential and expanded its applications.
KEYWORDS : Thin Layer Chromatography; Rf value; stationary phase; mobile phase

Paper Title

REVIEW ON: INCREASE THE SOLUBILITY OF IBUPROFEN

Abstract

ibuprofen, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) commonly used for pain relief and inflammation reduction, faces significant challenges due to its low aqueous solubility, which can limit its absorption and therapeutic efficacy. This study aims to explore and optimize various formulation strategies to enhance the solubility and bioavailability of ibuprofen. We investigate techniques such as solid dispersion methods, where ibuprofen is mixed with hydrophilic carriers, and the formation of inclusion complexes with cyclo dextrins, which can encapsulate the drug and improve its solubility profile.Additionally, the role of surfactants is examined, focusing on their ability to reduce surface tension and increase drug solubility in aqueous media. The effects of particle size reduction through micronization and nanonization techniques are also evaluated, as smaller particles typically exhibit increased surface area and improved dissolution rates. Furthermore, lipid-based formulations, including self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS), are studied for their potential to enhance Keyword: Ibuprofen ,Solubility enhancement ,Solid dispersion, Nanoformulation ,cyclodextrin complexes
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Paper Title

A REVIEW ARTICLE ON HPLC METHODS AND APPLICATIONS

Abstract

Chromatography refers to a set of techniques used to separate constituents in a mixture. High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) is a specialized technique that uses columns and liquid chromatography to separate, characterize, and investigate the active components in a mixture. This review focuses on the principles, instrumentation, types, applications, advancements, and patents of the HPLC technique. HPLC is important for both quantitative and qualitative analysis and is used to evaluate biological and pharmaceutical samples.
KEYWORDS : HPLC, HPLC Method Development, Method Validation

Paper Title

A REVIEW: ON NIPAHVIRUS(NIV): EPIDEMIOLOGY, PATHOLOGY, TREATMENT

Abstract

Nipah virus infection is a new disease found mainly in Southeast Asia. This virus is carried around by fruit bats from the Pteropus. Guess what? These bats seem to be just fine, but they can pass on this infection. The first time people heard about the Nipah virus was back in 1998-1999 when there were big outbreaks in Malaysia among pigs and people. It looks like the virus jumped from bats to pigs around 1996, and then it spread among the pigs. At first, nobody noticed it because the sickness didn’t seem too serious and looked like other diseases pigs can get. Sadly, the Nipah virus moved from pigs to pig farmers & workers at slaughterhouses in Malaysia & Singapore, leading to severe sickness—often deadly—like encephalitis in over 250 people. Even some other animals like cats, dogs, and goats got sick too! To stop the outbreaks in Malaysia, more than a million pigs were killed. And guess what? In some high-risk areas, they even banned pig farming for good.
KEYWORDS : Nipah virus, person-to-person transmission bats; Egyptian fruit bats; experimental infection; Nipah virus

Paper Title

REVIEW ON : INVESTIGATION OF SIMVASTASTIN SOLUBILITY

Abstract

Solubility is main factor for drug effective. Simvastatin is poorly water-soluble drug and its bioavailability is very low. Solubility practical data from Simvastatin in a family of alcohols were obtained at different temperatures. . experimental solubility data an anomalous behavior was observed, since an increase the number of alcohol carbon atoms shows an increase in solubility only for the three alcohols, ethanol, 1-propanol and 1-butanol. A decrease in solubility was obtained for 1-pentanol, 1-hexanol and 1-octanol. VantHoff equation was used to obtain the theoretical solubility value and the ideal activity .Experimental mistake was very low and does not affect the plots and equations used. No polymorphic phenomenon was found from the Simvastatin characterization. Theoretical calculations were carried out in order to corroborate the experimental solubility data. Trends and results are similar in both cases. The solvent effect was treated using a continuum model as model in water, methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 1-butanol, 1-pentanol, 1-hexanol and 1-octanol.
KEYWORDS : solubility, alcohol, enthalpy, density, functional theory, citric acid, co-crystal, nanosuspension, dissolution.

Paper Title

A REVIEW ON COMPREHENSIVE NIOSOMES

Abstract

In the last one-decade numbers of review and research, articles have been published on niosomes. This shows the interest of researchers in niosomes because of the advantages offered by them over other vesicular carrier systems Niosomes are a novel drug delivery system (NDDS), in which the medication is encapsulated in a vesicle. The vesicle is composed of a bilayer of non-ionic surface active agents. The niosomes are very small, and microscopic in size. Their size lies in the nanometric scale. NDDS has an object to deliver the drug at a rate directed by the needs of the body during the period of treatment of a disease, and reach the active ingredient to the site of action. The amphiphilic nature of niosomes promotes its efficiency in encapsulating lipophilic or hydrophilic drugs. Other additives, like cholesterol, are often want to maintain the rigidity of the niosomes structure. Niosomes potential for drug delivery are often improved using new ideas like proniosomes, discomes, and as pasome . Niosomes also are useful for diagnostic testing and as a lively ingredient to the vaccine. Such areas, therefore, need additional study and development to products available within the market niosomal preparations.
KEYWORDS : Niosomes, NDDS, Vesicles, Systemic circulation, Controlled drug release, Compositions, Methods of Preparation, Surfactants.

Paper Title

A REVIEW ON LOCAL ANESTHETIC SUSTAINED-RELEASE PAIN MANAGEMENT

Abstract

One of the most prevalent and mostly unaddressed clinical issues in modern medicine is pain management. The use of local anaesthetics in pain management is essential. The short duration of a single injection is the primary drawback of conventional local anaesthetics. For many years, medicine\'s main focus has been on treating both acute and chronic pain. In order to properly control pain in surgery and post-surgical settings, doctors have attempted to create new strategies. To solve this issue, catheters are frequently inserted or combined with other medications in clinical practice to extend the time that local anaesthetics work. Effective pain management, particularly for acute and chronic conditions, remains a significant clinical challenge, primarily due to the limited duration of action of traditional local anesthetics. To address this issue, various advanced drug delivery systems have been developed, including injectable responsive hydrogels and extended-release formulations like SABER-Bupivacaine, which provide prolonged analgesia for up to 72 hours while minimizing opioid consumption. Recent studies highlight the efficacy of bupivacaine/meloxicam combinations in postoperative pain management, demonstrating enhanced analgesic effects compared to standard treatments. Additionally, novel agents such as tetrodotoxin and neosaxitoxin are being explored for their potential to extend the duration of anesthesia. Current research trends emphasize the development of safer, long-acting local anesthetics and the repurposing of existing drugs to enhance therapeutic outcomes. These advancements represent promising avenues for improving pain management strategies in clinical practice, potentially transforming patient care.
KEYWORDS : Pain management, local anesthetics, extended-release system, HTX-011a, Bupivacaine, Meloxicam, Mepivacaine, Novel Local Anesthetics, Peripheral Nerve Blocks, Postoperative pain, long-acting local anesthetic