Paper Title

PERFORMANCE TEST ON DIESEL ENGINE WITH BIODISEL BLEND MIXTURE

Abstract

Biodiesel production is a modern and technological area for researchers due to constant increase in the prices of petroleum diesel and environmental advantages. This paper presents a review of the alternative technological methods that could be used to produce this fuel. Biodiesel from karanja oil was produced by alkali catalyzed transesterification process. Performance of IC engine using karanja biodiesel blending with diesel and with various blending ratios has been evaluated. The engine performance studies were conducted with a prony brake-diesel engine set up. Parameters like speed of engine, fuel consumption and torque were measured at different loads for pure diesel and various combinations of dual fuel. Brake power, brake specific fuel consumption and brake thermal efficiency were calculated. The test results indicate that the dual fuel combination of B40 can be used in the diesel engines without making any engine modifications. Also the cost of dual fuel (B40) can be considerably reduced than pure diesel.

Index Terms- transesterification, IC engine, Karanja, biodiesel.

Paper Title

A 3D METHOD TO EVALUATE MOISTURE LOSSES IN A LOW PRESSURE STEAM TURBINE

Abstract

This project presents a physically consistent 3D method to evaluate moisture losses and it is further employed to estimate the moisture losses in the last stage of a 1000 MW fossil-fired steam turbine. The 3D method is based on the information of the flow-field and droplets deposition. An inhomogeneous multi-phase flow model is adopted to simulate the condensing flow in the last stage. Massive computations of droplets deposition by both inertial and turbulent mechanisms on the stationary blade and moving blade have been conducted for different droplet diameters at the inlet of the last stage. In our work, the moisture losses are divided into six categories namely thermodynamic loss, drag loss of fog droplets, drag loss of coarse droplets, impact loss, capturing loss and centrifuging loss. The effect of the fog droplet size at the inlet of the last stage on the moisture losses has been analyzed and the results indicate that the overall moisture losses rise and the relative fractions of each category of the moisture losses vary against the increase of the fog droplet diameter. By consider the above factors an attempt to e made to work for simulation modelling for better optimization using soft wares CATIA and ANSYS.

Paper Title

OPTIMIZATION AND THE EFFECT OF STEAM TURBINE OUTLET QUALITY ON THE OUTPUT POWER OF A COMBINED CYCLE POWER PLANT

Abstract

A narrow path exists to a sustainable solution which passes through careful steps of efficiency improvement (resource management) and provides environmental friendly energies. Thermal power plants are more common in many power production sites around the world. Therefore, in this current research study a comprehensive thermodynamic modeling of a combined cycle power plant with dual pressure heat recovery steam generator is presented. Since the steam turbine outlet quality is a restrictive parameter, optimization of three cases with different steam quality are conducted and discussed. In other hand, energy and exergy analysis of each components for these three different cases estimated and compared. Obtained results show that it is really important to keep the quality of the vapor at turbine outlet constant in 88% for the results to be more realistic and also optimization and data are more technically feasible and applicable.

Paper Title

THERMODYNAMIC MODELING OF S.I ENGINE AND HEAT RELEASE PATTERNS

Abstract

This paper presents thermodynamics analysis of spark-ignition (SI) engine. A theoretical model of standard Otto cycle having temperature dependent specific heats has been implemented. It was compared to that which uses constant temperature specific heats. Wide range of engine parameters was studied. In most cases there were significant variations between the results obtained by using temperature dependent specific heats with those obtained at constant specific heats especially at higher engine speeds. Therefore, it is more realistic to use temperature dependent specific heat. This should be considered in cycle analysis especially that temperature variation in the actual cycles is quite large. Numerical experiments are performed by writing a computer code in C and heat release, in cylinder pressure and temperature histories are predicted. The results obtained are simulated with software ANSYS 15.0.

Paper Title

ANALYSIS OF VENTURE FLOW RATE

Abstract

Venturi plays very Important Role in different field of engineering. Venturi has a number of industrial applications in which its design is important factor. One of the important factors that affect the fuel consumption is that design of venture of carburetor. The venture of the carburetor is important that provides a necessary pressure drop in the carburetor device. There is a need to design the Venturi with an effective analytical tool or software. In this work, two types of fluids kerosene and water with two different mass flows are taken and analyzed using computational fluid dynamics. For this analysis CFD will be done using two software’s namely CATIA for designing and FLUENT for CFD analysis. The results obtained from the software’s will be analyzed from the design of a venture

Paper Title

EFFECT OF NANO PARTICLES ON AIR CONDITIONING COMPRESSOR PERFORMANCE

Abstract

Nano particles are found to attract the attention in the recent years due to their diverse uses. Addition of metal or non-metal oxides to a base fluid leads to a different working fluid called NANO FLUID. Addition of Nano particles lead to change in both transport and thermal properties for fluid. In a traditional air conditioning system, there will be certain amount of lubricating oil that is carried away by the refrigerant in the compressor. So certain amount of lubricating oil circulates along with the refrigerant in the air conditioning circuit. If the solubility of lubricating oil in the refrigerant is low, there is a danger of accumulation of lubricating oil in the condenser. If the solubility of lubricating oil in the refrigerant is high, refrigerant washes away all the lubricating oil in the compressor and there is a danger of abrasion in the compressor. There is a danger of sedimentation of Nano particles in compressor if it is not dispersed properly in the oil. If the Nano particles are not correctly dispensed, there is a danger of their interference with environment. Nano particles are found to hinder the growth of plants. They are carcinogenic and hence care should be taken to handle them judiciously. Economic issues regarding the usage of Nano particles have also to be considered as they are quite expensive.The refrigerant used in the air-conditioning setup that is used for testing is R-410a. The refrigerant R-410a is azeotropic suggesting that the phase change temperature does not remain constant as in the case of traditional refrigerants. Temperature of the refrigerant (R-410a) decreases during the phase change. The refrigerant used in the air-conditioning setup that is used for testing is R-410a. The refrigerant R-410a is azeotropic suggesting that the phase change temperature does not remain constant as in the case of traditional refrigerants. Temperature of the refrigerant (R-410a) decreases during the phase change. Nano particles added to the lubricating oil clog the surface asperities thus decrease the sliding friction between the surfaces. Clogging of the surface asperities also found to decrease the nucleate boiling heat transfer characteristics. Addition of Nano particles also found to enhance the critical heat flux of the refrigerant. Literature studies show that Thermal conductivity of Nano fluid is greater than that of base fluid. Also viscosity of Nano fluid is greater than that of the base fluid. These are the uses of Nano particles. Nano particles also have certain disadvantages.

Paper Title

THERMODYNAMIC ASSESSMENT OF IMPACT OF INLET AIR COOLING TECHNIQUES ON GAS TURBINE AND COMBINED CYCLE PERFORMANCE

Abstract

The article is focused on the comparison of impact of two different methods of inlet air cooling (vapor compression and vapor absorption cooling) integrated to a cooled gas turbine based combined cycle plant. Air film cooling has been adopted as the cooling technique for gas turbine blades. A parametric study of the effect of compressor pressure ratio, compressor inlet temperature (T i,C ), turbine inlet temperature (T i, T ), ambient relative humidity and ambient temperature on performance parameters of plant has been carried out. Optimum T i,T corresponding to maximum plant efficiency of combined cycle increases by 100o C due to the integration of inlet air cooling. It has been observed that vapor compression cooling improves the efficiency of gas turbine cycle by 4.88 % and work output by 14.77 %. In case of vapor absorption cooling an improvement of 17.2 % in gas cycle work output and 9.47 % in gas cycle efficiency has been observed. For combined cycle configuration however vapor compression cooling should be preferred over absorption cooling in terms of higher plant performance. The optimum value of compressor inlet temperature has been observed to be 20oC for the chosen set of conditions for both the inlet air cooling schemes.

Paper Title

ALTERNATIVE PAVEMENT COMPOSITION FOR SERVICE ROAD WITH POND ASH LIME STABILISED LAYER

Abstract

In this paper an attempt is made to present a brief review of the relevant literature on the Pond ash alone and Pond ash Lime stabilized layer in the flexible pavement construction instead of conventional sub-base and base layer.
Coal ash is a waste product of coal combination in thermal power plants. It possess problem for the safe disposal and cause economic loss to the power plants. Thus, utilization of coal ash in large scale geotechnical constructions as a replacement to conventional earth material needs special attention. The inherent strength of coal ash can be improved either by stabilizing the material with cement, Lime etc. and by reinforcing the same.

Paper Title

A REVIEW ON THE CHALLENGES IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK

Abstract

A wireless sensor network (WSN) has important applications such as remote environmental monitoring and target tracking. This has been enabled by the availability, particularly in recent years, of sensors that are smaller, cheaper, and intelligent. These sensors are equipped with wireless interfaces with which they can communicate with one another to form a network. The design of a WSN depends significantly on the application, and it must consider factors such as the environment, the application’s design objectives, cost, hardware, and system constraints. The goal of survey is to present a comprehensive review of the recent literature in wireless sensor network. This paper reviews the major development and new research challenges in this area.

Keywords: Wireless sensor network, Protocols, Sensor network services, Sensor network deployment, Survey.

Paper Title

DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF GEARBOX FOR MULTI-PURPOSE MILLING MACHINE (SPM)

Abstract

Now days Milling and drilling operations not uniquely did on single machine. To avoid this confusion of doing manufacturing operations a small difference in gear box design may give a single option solution to the manufacturers. A liver based shifter used as a differential to change gear systems to perform these two different operations on a single machine. On the proposed above operations torque generation will play an important role. From the survey taken before thesis base papers it is observed that low torque is good for milling and high torque is good for drilling. Gear box outline will be same for casing to avoid machine space and change in gear alignment by addition of a shifter to perform good results for drilling and milling.
Angle drilling is one of the major time taking processes in large scale production industries. To overcome such deviation special purpose radial drilling with milling attachments introducing in market. Present paper is a partial fulfillment to the present market needs to understand the variations in machine design accessories.
Gear design and gear ratios are theoretically calculated and the whole gear alignment performed in design software creo 3.0. Simulations and stress analysis and torque generation graphs have been generated by using ANSYS work bench 15.0. L18 Taguchi orthogonal array on torque generated and spindle RPM on these cases has been submitted.
Total design will be analyses by using finite element analysis in terms of torque applicable at each point with different speed ratios on different materials. Simulations on each material will be submitted with torque applications and performance comparison with before designs of general purpose machines. The alignment will be in two stages with torque increasing for drilling and torque decreasing for milling operation, alignment of gear box will be changes by using lever.

Keywords: gear alignments, speed reduction, design of reduction gear box, FEA.

Paper Title

STATIC AND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF FUNCTIONALLY GRADED FLAT PANELS

Abstract

Functionally graded materials have received a lot of interest in recent days by their diversified and potential applications in aerospace and other industries. They have high specific mechanical properties and high temperature capabilities which makes them special over all the exiting advanced materials. The present work investigated static and dynamic analysis of functionally graded plate. The material properties vary continuously from metal (bottom surface) to ceramic (top surface). The effective material properties of functionally graded materials for the plate structures are assumed to be temperature independent and graded in the plate thickness direction according to a power law distribution of the volume fractions of the constituents. In present An eight noded isoparametric quadrilateral shell element is used to discretise the present model for both static as well as dynamic analysis . The present model is developed using ANSYS parametric design language code in the ANSYS platform.

Paper Title

DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF HONEY COMB STRUCTURES

Abstract

In most modern aircrafts, the skin plays an important role in carrying loads. Sheet metals can usually only support tension. But if the sheet is folded, it suddenly does have the ability to carry compressive loads. Stiffeners are used for that. A section of skin, combined with stiffeners, called stringers, is termed a thin-walled structure.
On aircraft with stressed-skin wing design, honeycomb structured wing panels are often used as skin. A honeycomb structure is built up from a core material resembling a bee hive’s honeycomb which is laminated or sandwiched between thin outer skin sheets. Panels formed like this are lightweight and very strong. They have a variety of uses on the aircraft, such as floor panels, bulkheads, and control surfaces, as well as wing skin panels. These honeycomb structures are used in the locations of construction of wing panels on a jet transport aircraft. Sandwich structures have been used for many years in aerospace structures due to their high stiffness compared to their density. The basic philosophy of their design is the use of a relatively thick core that carries the shear loads whereas the thin faces carry the bending loads. The capability of the core material to undergo large plastic deformations under constant nominal stress makes sandwich structures preferable also for energy absorption applications. Regarding aeronautical structures, sandwich composite materials are used in areas such as cabin floor, cabin stowage bins, rudders and the range of applications is expected to become wider. CATIA and ANSYS software’s are used for modelling and determining analysis results.

Paper Title

DYNAMIC AND SECURE SYMMETRIC KEY BROADCAST ENCRYPTION FOR SHARING DATA OVER GROUP

Abstract

Nowadays privacy could be a primitivechallengefor any outsourced dataovergroup members or any networks during this connectionEncryption is employed during a communication system to secure data within the transmitted messages from anyone apart from the well-intended receiver. so as to perform the encoding and decoding,both i.e (encryption and decryption)keys ought to be matched at each finish i.e. receiver and sender. As our given systems declared that broadcast encoding (BE) is obligatory for secure knowledge outsourcing over cluster|a gaggle|a bunch} and cluster key agreement (GKA) protocol let’screate a confidential channel among cluster members however thanks to lack of keymanagement and group member revocation could be a still difficult problems. to beat the challenges over prented system we have a tendency to projected a centrosymmetric key broadcast encoding that leads the on top of problems effectively than our given system.

Keywords:Broadcast encryption; Group key agreement; Symmetric key broadcast encryption (SKBE).

Paper Title

COMPUTER BASED FACIAL IMAGE STUDY OF RENAISSANCE ARTWORKS FOR RECOGNIZE LEONARDO AS THEME

Abstract

One of the enduring mysteries in the history of the Renaissance is the adult appearance of the archetypical “Renaissance Man,” Leonardo da Vinci. His only acknowledged self-portrait is from an advanced age, and various candidate images of younger men are difficult to assess given the absence of documentary evidence. One clue about Leonardo’s appearance comes from the remark of the contemporary historian, Vasari, that the sculpture of David by Leonardo’s master, Andrea del Verrocchio, was based on the appearance of Leonardo when he was an apprentice. Taking a cue from this statement, we suggest that the more mature sculpture of St. Thomas, also by Verrocchio, might also have been a portrait of Leonardo. We tested the possibility Leonardo was the subject for Verrocchio’s sculpture by a novel computational technique for the comparison of three-dimensional facial configurations. Based on quantitative measures of similarities, we also assess whether another pair of candidate two-dimensional images are plausibly attributable as being portraits of Leonardo as a young adult. Our results are consistent with the claim Leonardo is indeed the subject in these works, but we need comparisons with images in a larger corpora of candidate artworks before our results achieve statistical significance.

Keywords: Face perception, face averaging, attractiveness, vision, aesthetics, natural scenes, artwork

Paper Title

DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF SWING JAW PLATE WITH AND WITHOUT RIBS

Abstract

Traditionally, stiffness of swing plates has not been varied with changes in rock strength. Rock strength has only been of interest because of the need to know the maximum force exerted by the toggle for energy considerations. Thus a swing plate, stiff enough to crush taconite with an unconfined compressive strength of up to 308 MPa, may be overdesigned (and, most importantly, overweight) for crushing a softer fragmental limestone, amphibolites. Design of lighter weight jaw crushers will require a more precise accounting of the stresses and deflections in the crushing plates than is available with traditional techniques. Efforts to decrease energy consumed in crushing have lead to consideration of decreasing the weight of the swing plate of jaw crushers for easily crushed material. In the present work the design of the swing jaw plate using point-load deformation failure (PDF) relationships along with interactive failure of rock particles as a model for such a weight reduction. The design of the corrugated swing jaw plate is carried out by using CAD i.e. jaw crusher plate has been solid modeled by using CERO.. Finite Element Analysis of jaw plates are carried out by using ANSYS software.The computerized program facilitates for quick design of the plates of the jaw crusher. The different comparisons with and without ribs of swing jaw plates are analyzed.

Keywords: Jaw Crusher, Computer Aided Design (CAD), Point-Load Deformations and Failure (PDF), Finite Element Analysis, Solid Modeling, Corrugated Jaw plate, Stiffened-Jaw Plate.

Paper Title

A REVIEW ON PERFORMANCE OF STEEL FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE AND MODULUS OF ELASTICITY

Abstract

Fiber reinforced concrete has been successfully used in slabs on grade, shotcrete, architectural panels, precast products, offshore structures, structures in seismic regions, thin and thick repairs, crash barriers, footings, hydraulic structures and many other applications. The usefulness of fiber reinforced concrete in various Civil Engineering applications is thus indisputable. This review study is a trial of giving some highlights for inclusion of steel fibers especially in terms of using them with new types of concrete. The various strength parameters studied are compressive strength and flexural strength as per the relevant IS standards. The experimental results indicate that the addition of steel fibre into concrete significantly increases the flexural strength. It also indicates that at constant percentage of fibre, that is 1.5% by increasing the aspect ratio of fibre from 40 to 70, flexural strength increased from 36.7% to 58.65%. The research paper proposes that due to these properties of steel fibre reinforced concrete, it can be used for the design of curvilinear forms.

Keywords: Experimental investigation, Fibre reinforced concrete, flexural strength, compressive strength, aspect ratio, steel fibres.

Paper Title

QUERY PERCEPTIVE PRESCRIPTION OF INDECISIVE ATTRIBUTE

Abstract

This paper considers the matter of determinizing probabilistic information to change such information to be keep in bequest systems that settle for solely settled input. Probabilistic information could also be generated by machine-driven information analysis/enrichment techniques like entity resolution, info extraction, and speech process. The bequest system might correspond to pre-existing internet applications like Flickr, Picasa, etc. The goal is to get a settled illustration of probabilistic information that optimizes the standard of the end-application engineered on settled information. We have a tendency to explore such a determinization downside within the context of two completely different processing tasks—triggers and choice queries. we have a tendency to show that Approaches like thresholding or top-1 choice historically used for determinization result in suboptimal performance for such applications. Instead, we have a tendency to develop a query-aware strategy and show its blessings over existing solutions through a comprehensive empirical analysis over real and artificial datasets.

Paper Title

OBJECTIVE QUALITY ASSESSMENT AND OPTIMIZATION FOR HIGH DYNAMIC RANGE IMAGE TONE MAPPING

Abstract

Tone mapping operators aim to compress high dynamic range (HDR) images to low dynamic range ones so as to visualize HDR images on standard displays. Most existing works were demonstrated on specific examples without being thoroughly tested on well- established and subject-validated image quality assessment models. A recent tone mapped image quality index (TMQI) made the first attempt on objective quality assessment of tone mapped images. TMQI consists of two fundamental building blocks: structural fidelity and statistical naturalness. In this thesis, we propose an enhanced tone mapped image quality index (eTMQI) by 1) constructing an improved nonlinear mapping function to better account for the local contrast visibility of HDR images and 2) developing an image dependent statistical naturalness model to quantify the unnaturalness of tone mapped images based on a subjective study. The advantages of this algorithm are twofold: 1) eTMQI and TMQI can be compared in a more straightforward way; 2) better qualitytone mapped images can be automatically generated by using eTMQI as the optimization goal. Numerical and subjective experiments demonstrate that eTMQI is a superior objective quality assessment metric for tone mapped images and consistently outperforms.

Index Terms: High dynamic range image, image quality assessment, tone mapping operator, perceptual image processing, structural similarity, statistical naturalness.

Paper Title

MODELLING OF GRID CONNECTED DVSI FOR ENHANCEMENT OF POWER QUALTY IN MICRO GRID APPLICATIONS

Abstract

The main aim of project is to improve the power quality by using grid connected dual voltage source inverter. The proposed scheme is comprised of two inverters, which enables the microgrid to exchange power generated by the distributed energy resources (DERs) and also to compensate the local unbalanced and nonlinear load. The control algorithms are developed based on instantaneous symmetrical component theory (ISCT) to operate DVSI in grid sharing and grid injecting modes. The proposed scheme has increased reliability, lower bandwidth requirement of the main inverter, lower cost due to reduction in filter size, and better utilization of microgrid power while using reduced dc-link voltage rating for the main inverter. These features make the DVSI scheme a promising option for microgrid supplying sensitive loads. the proposed topology validated through simulation results.

Index Terms: Power quality, Distributed energy source,Grid connected inverter, instantaneous symmetrical component theory (ISCT).

Paper Title

ENHANCEMENT OF SECURITY ISSUE IN CLOUD COMPUTING

Abstract

In this paper we discuss security issue for cloud computing including storage, data security, and network security and secure virtualization. Cloud Computing offers many opportunities but also introduces new risks. A user who outsources a database into the Cloud loses control over his data. While the data can be secured against external threats using standard techniques, the service providers themselves have to be trusted to ensure privacy. This work proposes a novel approach to provide security for database services without the need to trust the provider. We suggest employing a separation of duties by distributing critical information and services among multiple providers in a way that the secrecy of a database can only be compromised if corrupted providers work together. We present a formal security model to evaluate distribution procedures and apply it to our approach. A result of independent interest shows that our novel security property implies k-anonymity for deterministic anonymization procedures.

Keywords: Cloud computing, Information Technology, Data Integrity, Authentication, Security and Challenges.

Paper Title

A SURVEY ON QUERY AWARE DETERMINATION OF UNCERTAIN OBJECTS

Abstract

Considers the problem of determinizing probabilistic data and such data to be stored in legacy systems that accept only deterministic input. In this paper we survey on different authors and their proposed work. Probabilistic information is also generated by machine-controlled information from entity resolution, data extraction, and speech process. The inheritance system could correspond to pre-existing internet applications like Flickr, Picasa, etc. The goal is to get a settled illustration of probabilistic information that optimizes the standard of the end-application engineered on complete information. we have a tendency to explore such a Determinization drawback within the context of 2 completely different processing tasks triggers and choice queries. we have a tendency to show that approaches like thresholding or top-1 choice historically used for Determinization cause suboptimal performance for such applications. Instead, we have a tendency to develop a query-aware strategy and show its benefits over existing solutions through a comprehensive empirical analysis over real and artificial datasets.

Keywords: Determinzation, uncertain data, data quality, query workload, branch and bound algorithm.

Paper Title

CHARACTERIZATION OF BLOOD FLOW IN VISCOELASTIC CAPILLARIES BY NUMERICAL SIMULATION

Abstract

The current paper studies the Numerical enquiry of red blood cells which is symmetric with respect to its axis, pressure driven motion of single file which hangs the flowing in capillaries of diameter 7-12 μm. Our study creates such important in vivo dynamics of blood flow dynamics of blood flow also some hemorheo logical characteristics of microscopic blood flow including such cells having shape of parachute, its blunt velocity and fahraeus effects and they shown to have strong dependence on cell deformability, hematocrit and vessel size.

Keywords: Hematocrit, deformability, fahraeus effect,numerical,hemorheological.

Paper Title

CONFIGURATION OF DFIG AND SST BASED NEURAL NETWORKS

Abstract

The main intention of this project is a constellation of Dual feed induction generator founded solid state transformer by employing neural networks. The main grant about work strike the proposed constellation is to interface the turbine with grid while providing enhanced operation and performance. In this project SST regulates the active power to/from the rotor side converter, thus, eliminating the grid side converter, and regulated by ANN controller. The rotor side transformer is acclimated widen the pedigree of strength and to cater the recommended strength prescribed to Dual feed induction generator. The proposed arrangement meets the grid code necessity of wind turbine functioning under rare fault disciplines. Additionally, it has the might to supply reactive power to grid when the wind generation is not up to its rated value.

Keywords: Dual feed induction generator, neural networks, and Solid state transformer.

Paper Title

OPTIMIZATION OF CUTTING PARAMETERS ON TOOL WEAR AND WORKPIECE SURFACE TEMPERATURE BY ANOVA METHODS

Abstract

Now a day’s increasing the productivity and the quality of the machined parts are the main challenges of metal cutting industry during turning processes. Aspects such as tool life and wear, surface finish , cutting forces, material removal rate, power consumption, cutting temperature( on tool and work piece surface) decide the productivity, product quality, overall economy in manufacturing by machining and quality of machining methods. Optimization methods in turning processes, considered being a vital role for continual improvement of output quality in product and processes include modeling of input-output and in process parameters relationship and determination of optimal cutting conditions. Orthogonal array technique and analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to identify the effect of cutting parameters on the response variables. The results showed that depth of cut and cutting speed are the most important parameter influencing the tool wear. Optimal ranges of tool wear and work piece surface temperature values were predicted. Finally, the relationship between factors and the performance measures were developed by using multiple regression analysis. Different case studies observed for using technique of ANOVA.

Keywords: Wear, surface finish, cutting forces, material removal rate, optimization techniques, ANOVA.